ArticlePloS one2026
Potential airborne transmission of SARS-COV-2 through bathroom ventilation ducts associated with an outbreak in a residential building in Santander, Spain, 2020.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
12 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
During the COVID-19 pandemic, airborne transmission of SARS-CoV-2 via respiratory aerosols was a critical concern in indoor environments. In the city of Santander, Spain, an outbreak in a multi-family residential building during a period of low community transmission revealed vertical clustering of 15 cases in four homes. The building's design included single interior bathrooms without windows in each home, ventilated by a shared vertical bathroom duct system. Field measurements, computational fluid dynamics (CFD) simulations, and multi-zone airflow modeling were performed to evaluate vertical disease transmission potential in the Santander building. Epidemiological and genetic data combined with the field-collected data and modeling indicated that the most plausible transmission route was the bathroom vertical ventilation duct system, which facilitated movement of infectious aerosol between vertically connected homes. Additionally, operating the kitchen exhaust fan can augment the movement of aerosols between occupied spaces increasing the potential for infection. Recommendations for mitigating future risks include the installation of forced air exhaust fans with non-return flaps in bathroom ducts.
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Registered trials
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