Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42116111›Full record

ArticleBMC veterinary research2026

A comparative assessment of subchronic inhalation health risks between peracetic acid and chlorine dioxide in SPF pigs maintained in barrier environments.

Hailin Zhang, Juan Wang, Yongming Zhou, Haoran Cao, Hang Zhong, Chuanxiang Ding, Guitao Yang, Jinwei Zhang, Jideng Ma, Liangpeng Ge and 1 more

Abstract readComparative Study
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in BMC veterinary research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Hailin Zhang *Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Juan Wang *Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Yongming ZhouChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Haoran CaoChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Hang ZhongChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Chuanxiang DingChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Guitao YangChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Jinwei ZhangChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Jideng MaFarm Animal Genetic Resources Exploration and Innovation Key Laboratory of Sichuan Province, Sichuan Agricultural University, Chengdu, China.
Liangpeng GeChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China.
Jing SunChongqing Academy of Animal Sciences, Chongqing, 402460, China. sunjing85026@163.com.

Funding

Technical Integration and Application Demonstration Project by National Center of Technology Innovation for Pigs 24D1J01The collaborative research project commissioned by the Chongqing Academy of Animal Sciences 26401
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundBarrier environments are essential for maintaining specific pathogen-free (SPF) animals, yet the potential health risks associated with routine aerosol disinfection remain unclear. This study aimed to systematically evaluate the subchronic effects of peracetic acid (PAA) and chlorine dioxide (ClO₂) in SPF pigs maintained under barrier conditions.

resultsBoth disinfectants achieved > 99.9% elimination of indicator microorganisms under optimized aerosolization protocols. However, distinct biological effects were observed. ClO₂ predominantly affected systemic homeostasis, as reflected by alterations in hematological and biochemical parameters, whereas PAA exerted stronger localized effects on the respiratory system, including functional changes, tissue remodeling, and enhanced inflammatory responses. Additionally, both disinfectants induced structural remodeling of the respiratory microbiota, marked by a decline in Actinobacteriota and an enrichment of opportunistic taxa such as Burkholderiales in the ClO₂ group and Subdoligranulum in the PAA group. Notably, these effects remained subclinical and did not impair growth performance or overt health status.

conclusionsThese findings highlight the distinct subchronic health risk profiles associated with aerosolized disinfectant exposure and provide a scientific basis for optimizing disinfection protocols in SPF pig barrier facilities.

Indexed as

Chlorine CompoundsDisinfectantsOxidesPeracetic AcidAerosolsAnimalsInhalation ExposureRespiratory SystemRisk AssessmentSpecific Pathogen-Free OrganismsSwineAerosolsChlorine Compoundschlorine dioxideDisinfectantsOxidesPeracetic AcidAerosol disinfectionBarrier environmentChlorine dioxide (ClO₂)Health risk assessmentPeracetic acid (PAA)SPF pigs

Identifiers

PMID42116111
PMCPMC13335153

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.