ArticleHealth and quality of life outcomes2026
Impact of post-exertional malaise frequency and fatigue in Long COVID patients on health-related quality of life.
Article in Health and quality of life outcomes, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeThe aim of this study was to investigate the impact of post-exertional malaise (PEM) frequency and PEM severity on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among individuals with Long COVID.
methodsWe conducted a cross-sectional online survey including adults in Germany with self-reported Long COVID and PEM. Fatigue severity was assessed with the Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), and HRQoL was measured using the EQ-5D-3L (descriptive index and visual analogue scale [EQ-VAS]). Associations between PEM frequency, fatigue, and HRQoL were examined using correlations and non-parametric group comparisons. Multiple linear regression models were fitted to predict HRQoL while controlling for age, sex, employment status, and subjective social status.
resultsHigher PEM frequency was associated with significantly lower EQ-5D index scores (ρ = - 0.32, p<.001). PEM severity was also strongly correlated with reduced HRQoL (EQ-5D index: ρ = - 0.43, p<.001). In multivariable regression models, greater fatigue and higher PEM frequency independently predicted poorer HRQoL, even after adjustment for sociodemographic factors.
conclusionBoth PEM frequency and PEM severity substantially impair HRQoL in individuals with Long COVID. These findings underscore the clinical relevance of PEM as a key symptom and highlight the need for targeted management strategies to mitigate its impact on daily life. CLINICAL TRIAL NUMBER: German Clinical Trials Register DRKS00026007; registration date: 9 September 2021.
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