Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42116071›Full record

ArticleJournal of translational medicine2026

An intramuscular prime-intranasal boost strategy for mRNA-LNP vaccine induces mucosal immune response against SARS-CoV-2 in murine model.

Jialu Zhang, Yulong Fu, Guanxing Liu, Yi Zhang, Xuanxuan Zhang, Junying Gao, Fan Gao, Xing Wu, Qian Wang, Mingchen Liu and 7 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Journal of translational medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Jialu Zhang *National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Yulong Fu *National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Guanxing Liu *National Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Yi ZhangNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Xuanxuan ZhangNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Junying GaoNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Fan GaoNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Xing WuNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Qian WangNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Mingchen LiuNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Kelei LiBeijing MINHAI Biotechnology Co., Ltd, No. 35 Simiao Road, Daxing district, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Zhihao FuNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Xiao MaNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China.
Miao XuNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China. xumiaobj@126.com.
Zhenglun LiangNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China. lzhenglun@126.com.
Qunying MaoNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China. maoqunying@126.com.
Qian HeNational Institutes for Food and Drug Control, State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science, NHC Key Laboratory of Research on Quality and Standardization of Biotech Products, NMPA Key Laboratory for Quality Research and Evaluation of Biological Products, Research Units of Innovative Vaccine Quality Evaluation and Standardization, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, No. 31 Huatuo Road, Daxing District, Beijing, 102629, People's Republic of China. hq5740@126.com.

Funding

the State Key Laboratory of Drug Regulatory Science 2024SKLDRS0205
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundMucosal immunity constitutes the primary defense against pathogens. Vaccination strategies aimed at inducing mucosal immunity are therefore crucial for preventing viral infections. Lipid nanoparticle (LNP) delivery systems enhance mRNA vaccine stability, giving them the potential for mucosal delivery.

methodsThis study employed an mRNA-LNP vaccine candidate encoding the SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein, compatible with intranasal delivery, to evaluate immunization strategies aimed at inducing robust systemic and mucosal immunity. Antibody and T cell responses in both systemic and mucosal compartments, as well as protection against viral challenge, were assessed in mice following various regimens, including single-route and heterologous prime-boost strategies. Single B-cell immune repertoire analysis was performed to further elucidate the advantages of an optimized mucosal immunization approach.

resultsIntranasal immunization alone induced weak systemic antibody responses and failed to elicit mucosal immunity. In contrast, an "intramuscular prime and intranasal boost" regimen provoked strong systemic and mucosal immunity, marked by significantly elevated levels of antigen-specific T cells and mucosal IgA, which correlated with broader protection. Immunoprofiling revealed that intranasal boosting promoted IgA class switching in antigen-specific B cells and diversified the antigen-specific B cell receptor (BCR) repertoire.

conclusionThis study demonstrates that mRNA vaccines encapsulated in tailored LNPs can be effectively delivered via an "intramuscular prime and intranasal boost" strategy, establishing an efficacious approach for mRNA mucosal immunization.

Indexed as

COVID-19COVID-19 VaccinesImmunity, MucosalNanoparticlesRNA, MessengerSARS-CoV-2Administration, IntranasalAnimalsAntibodies, ViralB-LymphocytesDisease Models, AnimalFemaleImmunization, SecondaryImmunoglobulin AInjections, IntramuscularLiposomesAntibodies, ViralCOVID-19 VaccinesImmunoglobulin ALipid NanoparticlesLiposomesmRNA VaccinesNanovaccinesRNA, MessengerSpike Glycoprotein, Coronavirusspike protein, SARS-CoV-2BCR repertoireIgA Class-switchingmRNA vaccineMucosal immunization strategySARS-CoV-2

Identifiers

PMID42116071
PMCPMC13335044

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.