ArticleBMC plant biology2026
5-azacytidine affects triticale microspore embryogenesis and is associated with modulation of reactive oxygen species, cysteine protease profiles, and programmed cell death.
Article in BMC plant biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundIn theory, microspore embryogenesis (ME) is the most efficient method for producing doubled haploids, however the actual effectiveness of this process is strongly genotype dependent. Here, we analysed how treatment with 5 µM 5-azacytidine (AC) is associated with early physiological and molecular events in triticale anthers and microspores redirected towards embryogenic development. The effectiveness of ME was evaluated in anther cultures of two DH lines with contrasting ME responsiveness and was related to differences in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, cysteine protease activity profiling, and the frequency of programmed cell death (PCD).
resultsAC increased microspores viability, doubled the number of embryo-like structures (ELS), and improved green plant regeneration in the responsive DH28 line, but did not efficiently overcome the recalcitrancy of the DH19 line. AC treatment elevated total ROS level and reduced DNA fragmentation in DH28. However, the accumulation of one of the ROS, hydrogen peroxide (H
conclusionsAC enhances the effectiveness of triticale ME in a genotype-dependent manner, and its positive effect is accompanied with reduced PCD-associated proteolysis during early cellular reprogramming. Genotypic differences in the ability to suppress PCD-associated protease activity may therefore contribute to variation in ME efficiency. The observed relationships between AC treatment, ROS levels and protease activity remain correlative and warrant future mechanistic investigation to clarify the causal links among these processes.
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