ReviewAdvances and technical standards in neurosurgery2026
Germinomas and Non-germinomatous Germ Cell Tumors.
Review in Advances and technical standards in neurosurgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Intracranial germ cell tumors (iGCTs) are rare neoplasms that predominantly affect children and adolescents, accounting for up to 20% of pediatric germ cell tumors and showing higher incidence in East Asian populations. These tumors commonly arise in the pineal and suprasellar regions, with a subset presenting as bifocal lesions. iGCTs are broadly classified into germinomas and non-germinomatous germ cell tumors (NGGCTs), with germinomas representing two-thirds of cases. Tumor classification reflects their developmental origin from primordial germ cells and is confirmed through histopathology and immunohistochemistry, notably with markers, such as SALL4, PLAP, OCT3/4, and CD117. NGGCTs include embryonal carcinoma, yolk sac tumor, choriocarcinoma, and teratomas and often secrete tumor markers like alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) and beta-hCG, which guide diagnosis and treatment without biopsy. Accurate diagnosis using imaging, markers, with or without histology, followed by risk-adapted therapy, is crucial for optimizing outcomes in this heterogeneous group of CNS tumors Treatment strategies differ significantly between tumor types. Germinomas, highly radiosensitive, are treated with chemotherapy and reduced-field radiotherapy, while NGGCTs require intensive chemotherapy, surgical resection of residual tumor, and high-dose radiotherapy. Prognosis is excellent for germinomas but remains more guarded for NGGCTs. Long-term follow-up is essential due to the risk of recurrence and treatment-related sequelae.
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