Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42115171›Full record

ArticleNature communications2026

Non-equilibrium reducing flame aerosol process to create supported high-entropy alloy nanoparticles.

Shuo Liu, Jiashun Liang, Jonas L Kaufman, Qike Jiang, Dominik Wierzbicki, Kang-Lan Tung, Kaiwen Chen, Haolan Sun, Zhengxi Xuan, Mohd Ashhar Khan and 7 more

Abstract read

PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher

In one paragraph

Article in Nature communications, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it

0cells of the map it votes in

0citing papers in PubMed

–field-weighted citation impact

1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

17 authors.

Shuo Liu *Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-1182-6572

Jiashun Liang *Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4328-1650

Jonas L KaufmanMaterials Science Division and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future (LEAF), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-0814-9462

Qike JiangInstrumentation and Service Center for Physical Sciences, Westlake University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0002-8060-2935

Dominik WierzbickiNational Synchrotron Light Source ǁ, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0558-7405

Kang-Lan TungDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0006-3853-3963

Kaiwen ChenDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Haolan SunDepartment of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0009-0009-9020-1036

Zhengxi XuanDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Mohd Ashhar KhanDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.

Chengyu SongThe National Center for Electron Microscopy, The Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA.

Shinyoung KangMaterials Science Division and Laboratory for Energy Applications for the Future (LEAF), Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory, Livermore, CA, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9035-8169

Wei ChenDepartment of Materials Design and Innovation, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-1135-7721

Gang WuDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. gangw@wustl.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-0885-6172

Jeffrey J UrbanThe Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. jjurban@lbl.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4909-2869

Mark T SwihartDepartment of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, USA. swihart@buffalo.edu.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-9652-687X

Chaochao DunThe Molecular Foundry, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA. cdun@lbl.gov.ORCID http://orcid.org/0000-0002-3215-6478

Funding

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

High-entropy alloy (HEA) nanomaterials provide opportunities and property combinations for energy and electronic applications, but their practical synthesis faces challenges of elemental immiscibility, metal reducibility, and particle aggregation during their synthesis. Herein, we report a broadly applicable non-equilibrium, scalable, and in-situ reducing flame aerosol process for synthesis of supported HEA nanoparticles. This versatile process can directly load a high concentration of 2 ~ 4 nm HEA nanoparticles on various 1- to 3-dimensional supports. Notably, simultaneous formation of HEA nanoparticles and a mesoporous silica support was successfully realized in a single step. Exploration of this process demonstrates the role of kinetics and entropy on decreasing alloy particle size and altering the reducibility of elements. We propose an entropy-induced reduction mechanism to incorporate oxidizable elements into HEAs, which extends the compositional space of HEA nanoparticles. As a representative catalytic application, we present a RuPdOsIrPt/graphene electrocatalyst with high activity and stability for hydrogen oxidation reaction. Our findings open horizons for high-performance HEA design and applications in diverse fields such as catalysis, electrochemistry, and sensing.

Identifiers

PMID42115171

DOI10.1038/s41467-026-72958-9

PMCPMC13377034

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata

LicenceCC BY-NC-ND

Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.