Critical bioethics: a new paradigm for the era of techno-feudalism.

The rise of right-wing political movements supported by key players from big tech is transforming Western societies. This so-called techno-feudalism also implies challenges for bioethics. Racist agendas, intentional misinformation on health topics such as vaccinations, banned words and research topics in public institutions, and the massive funding of questionable biomedical research projects undermine health equity, patient safety, and autonomy. This new sociopolitical situation exacerbates a long-standing issue in healthcare that bioethics hitherto mostly failed to address adequately: societal power asymmetries that shape the roles and relationships of actors in healthcare and biomedical research. Although attempts have been made to reflect upon this issue, e.g. in feminist or postcolonial bioethics, there is no coherent bioethical approach that fundamentally focuses on power asymmetries as a lens of bioethical inquiry. In this article, I therefore introduce critical bioethics, an approach that takes epistemic lenses from critical theory, especially the so-called Frankfurt School. These epistemic lenses-totality and embeddedness, instrumental reason, dialectics and emancipation-allow us to uncover the societal causes for ethical issues in healthcare and biomedical research. Based on this methodological foundation, critical bioethics addresses health inequity as a result of power asymmetries by understanding individuals as fundamentally embedded in a concrete socioeconomic context. Through the lens of instrumental reason, it addresses the connection between disruptive technological innovations and economic interests in terms of commodification and solutionism. By using dialectics as a method to uncover contradictions in the way bioethics understands its principles, it provides an emancipatory perspective for normativity that separates it from affirmative forms of bioethical thinking that simply reproduce the suppressive status quo.