ArticleCancer chemotherapy and pharmacology2026
Synergistic anti-tumor activity of andrographolide and gemcitabine in intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma through inhibition of RRM2 and the JAK/STAT3 pathway.
Article in Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
purposeIntrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma (ICC) is a lethal malignancy frequently characterized by intrinsic resistance to standard gemcitabine (Gem) chemotherapy. This study aimed to investigate whether andrographolide (Andro) could sensitize intrinsically gemcitabine-resistant ICC cells to gemcitabine and to explore the underlying molecular mechanisms.
methodsNaturally Gem-resistant ICC cell lines (HUCCT-1 and QBC-939) were treated with Andro, Gem, or their combination. Synergistic effects were quantified using the Chou-Talalay method. Anti-tumor efficacy was assessed via CCK-8, colony formation, EdU incorporation, wound healing, and Transwell invasion assays. ROS accumulation, apoptosis, mitochondrial membrane potential, and cell-cycle distribution were assessed by fluorescence microscopy and flow cytometry, as appropriate. Molecular targets were identified using molecular docking, RT-qPCR, and Western blotting.
resultsAndro and Gem exhibited strong synergistic anti-tumor activity (Combination Index < 1.0) in both cell lines. The combination significantly suppressed proliferation, motility, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Mechanistically, the synergy was driven by a surge in intracellular ROS, triggering mitochondrial apoptosis and G1/S phase arrest. Furthermore, Ribonucleotide-diphosphate reductase subunit M2 was identified as a candidate molecular target associated with the effects of andrographolide, leading to its downregulation and the subsequent inactivation of the JAK/STAT3 signaling pathway.
conclusionAndrographolide overcomes intrinsic Gem resistance in ICC, potentially through modulation of the RRM2/JAK/STAT3 axis. This combination therapy represents a promising strategy for treating chemoresistant intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma.
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