ArticleThe archives of bone and joint surgery2026
Epidural Gel-Foam Impregnated with Bupivacaine versus Paravertebral Intramuscular Bupivacaine for Postoperative Analgesia in Lumbar Spine Surgery: A Comparative Clinical Trial.
Article in The archives of bone and joint surgery, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objectives: This study aimed to compare the effect of epidural gel foam impregnated with bupivacaine and intramuscular paravertebral bupivacaine on analgesia after lumbar spine surgeries. Methods: In this single-blind clinical trial, 60 patients aged 18-65 years who underwent lumbar spine surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to two groups. In the first group, a 1 × 5 cm strip of gel foam impregnated with 70 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine was placed in the epidural space. In contrast, in the second group, 70 mg of 0.5% bupivacaine was injected paravertebrally into the muscle. Pain scores based on the Visual Analogue Scale (VAS), analgesic prescriptions, time to first analgesic request, and total dosage during recovery and at 6, 12, and 24 hours postoperatively were recorded and compared between the groups. Results: No significant difference in average pain scores at different time points (recovery, 6, and 12 hours) was observed between the two groups (P > 0.05). However, at 24 hours postoperatively, a significant difference was found between the groups, with the VAS score in the bupivacaine-impregnated epidural gel foam group being significantly lower than that in the paravertebral intramuscular bupivacaine group (P = 0.04). Conclusion: Bupivacaine-impregnated epidural gel foam and paravertebral intramuscular bupivacaine provide similar analgesia during recovery and at 6 and 12 hours following spinal surgery. However, at 24 hours, the analgesia in the bupivacaine-impregnated epidural gel foam group is superior to that in the paravertebral intramuscular bupivacaine group.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.