ArticleBio-protocol2026
Generation of Functional Patient-Specific Thymus Organoids From Human Pluripotent Stem Cells (hPSCs) Using Air-Liquid Interface Culture.
Article in Bio-protocol, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
2 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
The thymus is critical for the establishment of a functional and self-tolerant adaptive immune system, but it involutes with age, resulting in reduced naive T-cell output. Generation of a functional human thymus from human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) is an attractive regenerative medicine strategy. Direct differentiation of thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs) from hPSCs has been demonstrated in vitro, but functional thymic epithelial cells (TECs) develop only after transplantation of TEPs in vivo. Functional human reaggregated thymic organoid cultures (RTOCs) and artificial thymic organoids (ATOs) cultured at the air-liquid interface support T-cell development in vitro and in vivo and permit the interrogation of human thymic function and T-cell development. However, these approaches require access to primary human tissues or murine bone marrow stromal cells, are allogeneic, and do not support negative selection. Recently, we reported the directed differentiation of induced PSCs (iPSCs) to functional thymic epithelial progenitors (TEPs) that support murine T-cell development after transplantation in nude mice. Here, we combined hPSC-derived TEPs, hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), and mesenchymal cells, differentiated from the same hPSC line, and generated functional isogenic stem cell-derived thymic organoids (sTOs). Our revised protocol improves our TEP differentiation process and allows the generation of functional isogenic, patient-specific thymic organoids in vitro. Key features • This protocol offers a reproducible approach to generate functional multicellular stem cell-derived thymic organoids (sTOs). • sTOs support human thymic epithelial cell development and maturation in vitro in a patient-specific manner. • sTOs support human T-cell development from stem cell-derived hematopoietic progenitor cells. • sTOs may facilitate positive and negative thymic selection of developing T cells in vitro.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.