ArticleiScience2026
RNA-binding protein family diversification correlates with neural complexity across metazoan evolution.
Article in iScience, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
RNA-binding proteins (RBPs) control post-transcriptional gene expression with critical roles in nervous system function. Here, we ask whether RBP family diversity tracks with neural complexity across animal evolution. Comparing six species ranging from a simple worm to humans, we find that the number of distinct RBP domain families increases progressively with neuron number-a relationship specific to RBPs and not seen for kinases or G-protein-coupled receptors. Transcription factors show a different pattern, reaching a ceiling in vertebrates while RBP families continue expanding. We further show that the disordered structural regions of RBPs grow longer in more complex organisms, whereas liquid-liquid phase separation propensity remains broadly conserved. Finally, the lengthening of messenger RNA regulatory tails parallels RBP diversification, suggesting co-evolution of post-transcriptional regulatory capacity. These findings establish RBP family diversification as a distinctive molecular signature of animal neural complexity.
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