ArticleFrontiers in public health2026
Association of prenatal parabens exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes: the role of prenatal depressive symptoms.
Article in Frontiers in public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Background: Parabens (PBs) are common endocrine-disrupting preservatives linked to adverse pregnancy outcomes, while prenatal depressive symptoms are also prevalent and harmful. Their combined effects remain poorly understood. Objective: To examine individual and joint associations of prenatal PBs exposure with adverse pregnancy outcomes (APOs) and to assess modification by maternal depressive symptoms. Methods: A prospective cohort of 934 mother-infant pairs from Ningxia, China, was analyzed. Maternal serum concentrations of five PBs were measured by HPLC-MS/MS. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale. APOs included small vulnerable newborns, macrosomia, fetal distress, and asphyxia. Logistic regression and quantile g-computation were used, with stratified and interaction analyses. Results: In the overall cohort, propylparaben (PrP) was significantly associated with fetal distress (OR = 1.25, 95% CI: 1.05-1.49), while mixed PBs exposure increased the risk of macrosomia (OR = 1.62, 95% CI: 1.06-2.48). Quantile g-computation revealed that ethylparaben (EtP), PrP, and heptylparaben (HeP) were the primary contributors to the mixture effect on macrosomia. Maternal depressive symptoms significantly modified these associations: among women with depressive symptoms ( Conclusion: Prenatal PBs exposure is associated with increased APOs risk, particularly among women with depressive symptoms, underscoring the importance of integrating environmental and mental health considerations into prenatal care.
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