ArticleEuropean oral research2026
Impact of vehicle and insertion method on intratubular penetration of calcium hydroxide pastes: an in vitro confocal laser microscopy analysis.
Article in European oral research, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Purpose: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different vehicles and insertion/agitation methods on the penetration of calcium hydroxide (CH) paste into dentinal tubules. Materials and Methods: Eighty single-rooted premolars were standardized to 12 mm, prepared using the ProDesign 40.05 instrument, and randomly assigned to eight experimental groups (n = 10): CH-propylene glycol/camphorated paramonochlorophenol (PG/CPMC) + K-file (KF), CH-PG/CPMC + XP Clean (XP), CH-PG/CPMC + Easy Clean (EC), CH-PG/CPMC + ultrasonic activation (UA); Ultracal XS (UC) + KF, UC + XP, UC + EC, and UC + UA. The CH paste was mixed with 0.1% Rhodamine dye and inserted into the specimens. Two 1-mm-thick sections were obtained at 2 mm and 5 mm from the apex, scanned using confocal microscopy, and analyzed with ImageJ software to calculate the percentage penetration and maximum penetration depth (MPD). Student's t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Tukey's post hoc tests were used for statistical analysis (P < .05). Results: The penetration of the PG/CPMC paste differed significantly between KF and EC, as well as between KF and UA, at both 5 mm (p< .05) and 2 mm (p < .05). UC showed enhanced penetration with UA, while EC outperformed KF at 2 mm. For MPD, no significant differences were observed at 5 mm. Conclusion: Both the insertion/agitation methods and paste formulations influenced the percentage penetration of the paste into the root canal lumen and dentinal tubules. At 2 mm, aqueous and viscous vehicles optimized MPD, particularly when combined with UA and EC.
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