Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42108330›Full record

ArticleInternational orthopaedics2026

Operating room workflow across orthopaedic subspecialties: a retrospective analysis with implications for efficiency improvement.

Kengo Harato, Shu Kobayashi, Akihito Oya, Noboru Matsumura, Taku Suzuki, Robert Nakayama, Morio Matsumoto, Masaya Nakamura

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Article in International orthopaedics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

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Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

8 authors.

Kengo HaratoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan. harato@keio.jp.
Shu KobayashiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Akihito OyaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Noboru MatsumuraDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Taku SuzukiDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Robert NakayamaDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Morio MatsumotoDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.
Masaya NakamuraDepartment of Orthopaedic Surgery, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

purposeNon-surgical phases of operating room (OR) time represent potentially modifiable sources of inefficiency. This study analysed OR workflow patterns across orthopaedic subspecialties and identified independent risk factors for phase-specific delays.

methodsThis retrospective cohort study included 12,568 orthopaedic procedures at a tertiary academic centre (2012-2019). Procedures were classified into upper extremity (UE), lower extremity (LE), spine (Sp), and tumour (Tu). OR time was divided into preparation (Phase 1), surgical procedure (Phase 2), and exit (Phase 3). Phase durations were compared using one-way ANOVA with Bonferroni correction; effect size was assessed using eta squared (η

resultsMean preparation, surgical, and exit times were 47 ± 14, 123 ± 97, and 31 ± 19 min, respectively. LE had the highest preparation phase ratio (31.5%); Sp had the longest exit time (η

conclusionOR workflow differs significantly across orthopaedic subspecialties. Subspecialty-specific delay patterns suggest actionable targets for perioperative efficiency improvement, and systematic monitoring of non-surgical OR phases may help foster an efficiency-conscious culture in academic orthopaedic departments.

Indexed as

Efficiency, OrganizationalOperating RoomsOrthopedic ProceduresOrthopedicsWorkflowHumansRetrospective StudiesTime FactorsLogistic regressionOperating room efficiencyOperating room workflowOrthopaedic surgeryPerioperative time

Identifiers

PMID42108330

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.