Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42107849›Full record

ArticleBiological psychiatry2026

Comorbidity Alters the Genetic Relationship Between Anxiety Disorders and Major Depression.

Markos Tesfaye, Alexey Shadrin, Nadine Parker, Piotr Jaholkowski, Pravesh Parekh, Gleda Kutrolli, Viktoria Birkenæs, Nora R Bakken, Helga Ask, Guy Hindley and 6 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in Biological psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

16 authors.

Markos TesfayeCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Genomics in Health, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York; Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York. Electronic address: m.t.woldeyohannes@medisin.uio.no.
Alexey ShadrinCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Nadine ParkerCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Piotr JaholkowskiCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Pravesh ParekhCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California.
Gleda KutrolliCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Institute for Genomics in Health, State University of New York Downstate Health Sciences University, Brooklyn, New York.
Viktoria BirkenæsCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Regional Centre for Children and Youth Mental Health, Oslo, Norway.
Nora R BakkenCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Helga AskPsychGen Center for Genetic Epidemiology and Mental Health, Norwegian Institute of Public Health, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychology, PROMENTA Research Center, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Guy HindleyCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Psychiatry, Lovisenberg Diaconal Hospital, Oslo, Norway.
Oleksandr FreiCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Informatics, Center for Bioinformatics, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Srdjan DjurovicCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Genetics, Oslo University Hospital and University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Anders M DaleCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; Center for Multimodal Imaging and Genetics, J. Craig Venter Institute, La Jolla, California; Department of Neurosciences, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California.
Olav B SmelandCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Kevin S O'ConnellCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway.
Ole A AndreassenCentre for Precision Psychiatry, Division of Mental Health and Addiction, Oslo University Hospital, and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway; K.G. Jebsen Centre for Neurodevelopmental Disorders, University of Oslo and Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway. Electronic address: o.a.andreassen@medisin.uio.no.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

backgroundThe extensive genetic overlap between anxiety disorders (ANX) and major depression (MD) may partly reflect the inclusion of comorbid cases in genome-wide association studies (GWASs). We investigated this genetic relationship between ANX and MD, with and without mutual comorbidity.

methodsUsing the UK Biobank, we performed disorder-specific GWASs for ANX-only (cases/controls = 9980/179,442) and MD-only (cases/controls = 15,301/179,038) and derived polygenic risk scores (PRSs). In the Norwegian Mother, Father, and Child Cohort Study (MoBa), we tested associations between PRS and MD-only (n = 7486), ANX-only (n = 1992), and comorbid ANX and MD (ANX-MD) (n = 3468) cases and controls (n = 85,851). PRS associations with anxiety and depression symptoms were tested in MoBa (n = 54,862). GWASs including comorbid cases (MD-comorbid [MD with comorbid ANX] or ANX-comorbid [ANX with comorbid MD]) were used for comparison. Genetic correlations were compared by comorbidity status, and Mendelian randomization was employed to assess causal relationships.

resultsMD-comorbid and ANX-comorbid PRSs showed a stronger association with ANX-MD cases than with their primary disorders, MD-only (z = -2.82, p

conclusionsThe genetic distinction between ANX and MD becomes more pronounced when comorbid cases are excluded. The findings underscore the importance of disorder-specific genetic studies for advancing precision medicine.

Indexed as

Anxiety DisordersMajor Depressive DisorderComorbidityFemaleGenetic Predisposition to DiseaseGenetic Risk ScoreGenome-Wide Association StudyHumansMaleMultifactorial InheritanceAnxiety disordersComorbidityGenetic correlationMajor depressionMendelian randomizationPolygenic scores

Identifiers

PMID42107849

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.