ArticleBMC oral health2026
Water sorption and bond strength of graphene oxide-added universal adhesives.
Article in BMC oral health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the effect of adding graphene oxide (GO) to HEMA-containing and HEMA-free universal adhesives on water sorption/solubility and bonding effectiveness to dentin. MATERIALS AND
methodsGO was incorporated into universal adhesives (Scotchbond Universal and G-Premio Bond) at three weight percentages (0.5, 1, and 3%) and characterized by SEM. Clearfil SE Bond was used as the reference adhesive. Disk-shaped specimens were prepared to evaluate water sorption and solubility (n = 10). Microspecimens were prepared from ninety extracted human third molar. The µTBS of half of the specimens was tested after 24 h, and the remaining specimens were aged for 6 months. Failure mode was analyzed using a stereomicroscope. Statistical analyses were performed with one-way ANOVA, Duncan, and paired t-tests (p = 0.05).
resultsAdding 3% GO increased water sorption of the adhesives (p < 0.05). Clearfil SE Bond exhibited the lowest water sorption and solubility (p < 0.05). 1% GO significantly increased the immediate µTBS of the adhesives, whereas 3% resulted in a significant decrease (p < 0.05). 0.5 and 1% GO significantly increased the aged µTBS of Scotchbond Universal, while only 1% improved the aged µTBS of G-Premio Bond (p < 0.05). 3% GO reduced the aged µTBS of the adhesives (p < 0.05). The highest immediate and aged µTBS were recorded for Clearfil SE Bond (p < 0.05).
conclusionsThe bonding performance of universal adhesives improved with 0.5% and 1% GO additions, whereas 3% GO had a detrimental effect on both bond strength and water sorption. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE: Adding GO to adhesives may improve the long-term durability of bonded restorations.
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