ArticleBMC public health2026
Isotemporal substitution analysis of the effects of in-kindergarten structured and unstructured activity behaviors on sleep problems in preschool children.
Article in BMC public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
objectiveUsing an isotemporal substitution model, this study analyzed the mutual substitution relationships among structured and unstructured physical activities of different intensities and sedentary behavior in kindergarten settings, and explored their associations with sleep problems in young children.
methodsA cross-sectional sample of 336 children aged 3-6 years was recruited. Five behavioral variables-SB, S-LPA, US-LPA, S-MVPA, and US-MVPA (LPA, light physical activity; MVPA, moderate-to-vigorous physical activity)-were measured using video observation, accelerometry, and a standardized assessment tool. Sleep problems were assessed with the Children's Sleep Habits Questionnaire (CSHQ). Linear regression and isotemporal substitution models were used to analyze the data.
resultsUnivariate model results showed that US-LPA (β=-0.440, 95%CI:-0.829 to -0.050, P = 0.027) and US-MVPA (β=-0.598, 95%CI:-1.092 to -0.104, P = 0.018) were significantly negatively associated with total sleep problems in preschool children. S-MVPA (β=-0.110, 95%CI:-0.212 to -0.008, P = 0.034) and US-MVPA (β=-0.064, 95%CI:-0.122 to -0.007, P = 0.029) were significantly negatively associated with SOD, and US-LPA (β=-0.172, 95%CI:-0.272 to -0.073, P = 0.001) and US-MVPA (β=-0.234, 95%CI:-0.361 to - 0.108, P < 0.001) were significantly negatively associated with SD. In the partition models and isotemporal substitution models, after Bonferroni correction, no other significant associations were observed.
conclusionIncreasing levels of unstructured LPA and unstructured MVPA helps preschool children maintain sufficient sleep duration and alleviate sleep onset delay, thereby improving their overall sleep problems.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.