Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42106570›Full record

ReviewNPJ digital medicine2026

Rethinking scale in ophthalmic artificial intelligence: from bigger models to smarter clinical reasoning.

Kai Jin, Kaikai Zhao, Rupesh Agrawal, Gui-Shuang Ying, Andrzej Grzybowski

Abstract readReview
In one paragraph

Review in NPJ digital medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Kai JinEye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. jinkai@zju.edu.cn.
Kaikai ZhaoEye Center of Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.
Rupesh AgrawalNational Healthcare Group Eye Institute, Tan Tock Seng Hospital, Tan Tock Seng, Singapore, Singapore.
Gui-Shuang YingCenter for Preventive Ophthalmology and Biostatistics, Department of Ophthalmology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA.
Andrzej GrzybowskiInstitute for Research in Ophthalmology, Foundation for Ophthalmology Development, Poznan, Poland.

Funding

National Natural Science Foundation of China 82201195
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Recent advances in ophthalmic AI have improved benchmark performance, yet clinical trust remains limited. We argue that progress should move beyond data and model scaling toward trustworthy, skill-efficient systems that integrate multimodal evidence, external knowledge, and uncertainty-aware reasoning. Ophthalmology provides a strong testbed for agentic AI, but safe clinical translation will require rigorous validation, workflow integration, and evaluation frameworks aligned with real-world decision making.

Identifiers

PMID42106570
PMCPMC13381570

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY-NC-ND
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.