ArticleScientific reports2026
Microglia-specificity of different markers is overridden in glioblastoma specimens.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
10 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Microglia are the resident immune cells of the central nervous system. When glioblastoma develops, microglia and peripheral macrophages accumulate within the tumor tissue. Since both cell populations presumably exhibit different functional properties with anti- and pro-tumor characteristics, it is essential to distinguish between these cell populations accurately. The widespread and extensive use of single-cell technologies allowed the discovery of novel microglial markers like Sall1, Tmem119, P2ry12 and Hexb that were used for discrimination of populations. In our study, these markers were tested on protein level using immunofluorescence staining. This method permits easy identification by co-staining with IBA1 as lineage marker for myeloid cells. Bone marrow chimeras served as differentiation control. Staining showed ubiquitous marker expression of microglia in both murine naïve brains and human epilepsy specimens. However, experiments using a murine glioblastoma model demonstrated that macrophages can also express these markers after infiltrating the brain and tumor tissue. Furthermore, the level of expression varies spatially, decreasing towards the intratumoral area. In vitro experiments confirmed positive staining results for both microglia and macrophages. Furthermore, cultivation with tumor-conditioned medium led to downregulation of microglial markers. Consequently, the concept that SALL1, TMEM119, P2RY12, and HEXB are exclusive markers for microglia depends strongly on the experimental and pathological conditions, and should not be generalized. Under neuroinflammatory conditions, cell specificity of the examined markers largely diminishes and both microglia and macrophages show ubiquitous expression. Considering this fact should lead to a context dependent application when using these markers to identify myeloid cell populations within the brain.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.