ReviewHandbook of clinical neurology2026
Decoding the roles of bipolar, amacrine, and horizontal cells.
Review in Handbook of clinical neurology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The retina consists of several specialized cell types, crucial for visual processing. Bipolar cells, amacrine cells, and horizontal cells are retinal interneurons, playing pivotal roles in transmitting and modulating visual information within the retina. In this chapter, we first highlight the significance of bipolar cells in relaying signals from photoreceptors to ganglion cells, initiating visual signaling. Recent consensus indicates the existence of different types of bipolar cells in various species, leading us to focus on their functional diversity and morphologic characteristics. Second, we explore many types of amacrine cells and their roles in lateral inhibition, modulating signaling between bipolar cells and ganglion cells. Lastly, we examine the structure and function of horizontal cells in providing feedback inhibition to cones, regulating light sensitivity and color processing. Structural analysis of retinal neurons over the decades has revealed that complicated retinal neural networks are the crucial component for signal processing in the visual system. Such insights are essential for understanding the mechanisms underlying visual perception and pathology, developing future therapies for retinal diseases, and advancing artificial vision technologies.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.