Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42105824›Full record

ReviewNeuroscience and biobehavioral reviews2026

Factors that influence the amplitude of the bereitschaftspotential.

Antonio Ivano Triggiani, Amy Whitmarsh, Aaron Schurger, Uri Maoz, Mark Hallett

Abstract readReview
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Review in Neuroscience and biobehavioral reviews, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Antonio Ivano TriggianiNeurophysiology of Epilepsy Unit, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA. Electronic address: ivano.triggiani@nih.gov.
Amy WhitmarshDepartment of Psychology, Department of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences, University of Denver, Denver, CO, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA.
Aaron SchurgerDepartment of Psychology, Crean College of Health and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Orange, CA, USA; Institute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; INSERM Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France.
Uri MaozInstitute for Interdisciplinary Brain and Behavioral Sciences, Chapman University, Irvine, CA, USA; INSERM Cognitive Neuroimaging Unit, NeuroSpin Center, CEA-Saclay, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France; Anderson School of Management, University of California Los Angeles, USA; Division of Biology and Bioengineering, California Institute of Technology, USA.
Mark HallettHuman Motor Control Section, National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.

Funding

Intramural NIH HHS Z99 NS999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

The Bereitschaftspotential (BP) is a slow negative-going deflection in the scalp electrical potential that appears before self-initiated movements that has been considered a neural sign of motor preparation. Besides neuroscience, this brain potential has also generated significant interest in philosophy regarding free will, in law concerning culpability discussions, and in sociology for shaping views on agency and responsibility. Its amplitude varies considerably across tasks and populations, and is influenced by diseases, stage of development, and cognitive factors. However, the factors relevant to this variation have never been systematically reviewed. There have been many studies on some aspects of the BP and fewer on others. In this narrative review, we analyze whether there might be a general factor, explaining most results, despite their differences of purpose. A structured literature search on PubMed revealed many peer-reviewed studies that used a task that might illuminate the significance of the amplitude. We found studies comparing different types of movement and different populations. We conclude that the factor of attention appears to be the most consistent across the studies reviewed.

Indexed as

AttentionBrainContingent Negative VariationAnimalsElectroencephalographyHumansMovementBereitschaftspotentialEEGMotor Related Cortical PotentialsMovementReadiness potential

Identifiers

PMID42105824
PMCPMC13240108

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceTDM
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.