ArticleJournal of veterinary internal medicine2026
Delta (Δ) 12-lead electrocardiography and vectorcardiography to identify the origin of focally induced atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations in horses.
Article in Journal of veterinary internal medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
Abstract
backgroundCardiac arrhythmias are common in horses, but their clinical and prognostic relevance remains poorly defined. Despite the importance of localization for diagnosis and treatment, noninvasive methods to identify arrhythmogenic foci are limited. HYPOTHESIS/
objectivesEvaluate the ability of delta (Δ) 3- and 12-lead ECGs and 2-dimensional (2D) and 3-dimensional (3D) vectorcardiography (VCG) to identify the site of origin of focally induced atrial and ventricular premature depolarizations in horses. ANIMALS: Eight healthy horses underwent 2 electrophysiological studies, 1 standing, and 1 under general anesthesia.
methodsPremature atrial and ventricular complexes were induced by intracardiac pacing at 29 anatomical sites. Simultaneous Δ 12-lead ECG and VCG recordings were obtained. Mean vector directions were analyzed, and classification accuracy was assessed at the chamber, regional, and site-specific levels.
resultsDistinct pacing sites produced reproducible and location-specific activation patterns. For differentiating left- from right-sided origins, 3D-VCG had 99% and 82% accuracies for ventricular and atrial origins, respectively. The simplified Δ-based 2D-VCG also showed strong performance on the chamber level, with accuracies of 94% and 78%, respectively. Accuracy was lower for fine-grained intra-chamber localization, especially in the atria. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE: Although 3D-VCG offers superior spatial resolution, 2D-VCG provides a good balance between diagnostic accuracy and practical applicability, especially for left- vs right-sided localization. Combined Δ 12-lead ECG and VCG enables accurate, noninvasive chamber-level localization of arrhythmia origins in horses. Standardized application in larger cohorts with naturally occurring arrhythmias may support targeted ablation strategies and improve arrhythmia management and sudden cardiac death risk stratification.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.