Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42105161›Full record

Trial reportBrain topography2026

rTMS Modulates Static and Dynamic Brain Functional Networks in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder: An EEG Microstate Study.

Jiannan Kang, Juanmei Wu, Yuqi Li, Wenqin Mao, Xiaoli Li, Tianyi Zhou, He Chen

Abstract readRandomized Controlled Trial
PubMed Publisher
In one paragraph

Trial report in Brain topography, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Jiannan KangChild Rehabilitation Division, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, China.
Juanmei WuChild Rehabilitation Division, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, China.
Yuqi LiChild Rehabilitation Division, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, China.
Wenqin MaoChild Rehabilitation Division, Ningbo Rehabilitation Hospital, Ningbo, China.
Xiaoli LiState Key Laboratory of Cognitive Neuroscience and Learning, Beijing Normal University, Beijing, China.
Tianyi ZhouDepartment of Psychology, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, Beijing Normal University at Zhuhai, Zhuhai, China. Tianyi.Zhou@bnu.edu.cn.
He ChenSchool of Automation Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, China. chenhe@scut.edu.cn.

Funding

Key Research and Development Project of "Yongjiang Sci-Tech Innovation 2035" 2025Z182Major Application Demonstration Program of "Yongjiang Sci-Tech Innovation 2035" 2025Z196National Key Research and Development Program of China 2025YFE0205100
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (rTMS) shows promise for treating Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD), but its impact on the temporal dynamics of large-scale brain networks remains unclear. This study investigated the modulatory effects of rTMS on static and dynamic brain functional networks in children with ASD. Thirty-two children were randomized into an active rTMS group (1 Hz over the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex) and a sham control group. Resting-state EEG and behavioral assessments were conducted before and after a 9-week intervention. We employed a multi-dimensional analysis approach, combining microstate temporal parameters, static functional connectivity based on the weighted Phase Lag Index (wPLI), and dynamic complexity measured by Fuzzy Entropy. Results indicated that intrinsic features of Microstate B were significantly correlated with social relating deficits. Although rTMS did not induce significant interaction effects in standard microstate temporal parameters, it significantly enhanced static functional connectivity strength and increased the dynamic complexity of brain networks across all microstates. These findings suggest that rTMS exerts its therapeutic effects by strengthening network integration and restoring neural flexibility rather than simply altering the duration of brain states. The study underscores the value of network-based EEG metrics in elucidating the neuroplastic changes induced by neuromodulation in ASD.

Indexed as

Autism Spectrum DisorderBrainNerve NetTranscranial Magnetic StimulationChildElectroencephalographyFemaleHumansMaleNeural PathwaysAutism spectrum disorderDynamic functional networksEEG microstate analysisFunctional connectivityRTMS neuromodulation

Identifiers

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.