Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42104909›Full record

ArticleInternational journal of geriatric psychiatry2026

Racial and Ethnic Representation in Dementia Clinical Trials Registered on ClinicalTrials.gov in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.

Daniel Kramarczyk, Clive Ballard, Anne Corbett, Miguel Vasconcelos Da Silva, Kamara Israel- Mcleish, Jeffrey Cummings, Zunera Khan

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in International journal of geriatric psychiatry, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

7 authors.

Daniel KramarczykInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0005-9688-1061
Clive BallardUniversity of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Anne CorbettUniversity of Exeter Medical School, University of Exeter, Exeter, UK.
Miguel Vasconcelos Da SilvaInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Kamara Israel- McleishInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
Jeffrey CummingsUniversity of Nevada, Las Vegas, Nevada, USA.
Zunera KhanInstitute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9167-9570

Funding

National Institute for Health and Care Research HealthTech Research Center in Brain Health.
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

objectiveTo evaluate racial and ethnic representation and temporal trends in phase II-IV dementia clinical trials conducted in the United States, United Kingdom, and Canada.

methodsWe interrogated ClinicalTrials.gov for interventional dementia and Alzheimer's disease (AD) trials completed since 2000. Data on age, gender, and ethnicity were extracted from 163 eligible trials. Representation was compared across two time periods (2000-2015 and 2016-2019) to assess progress in diversity.

resultsOf the 163 trials, 58.9% (n = 96) reported ethnicity data. Among the 12,900 participant records in these trials, 80.6% were Caucasian. Since 2016, despite improved reporting standards (100% of recent trials reported ethnicity), actual diversity declined: Asian participant representation dropped from 4.9% to 1.2%, and Hispanic/Latino representation fell from 2.2% to 0.7%. No ethnic minority group showed an increase in participation over the study period.

conclusionsDiverse ethnic groups remain significantly underrepresented in dementia clinical trials, with diversity metrics stagnating or declining over the last decade. Greater inclusivity in trial design and recruitment is urgently required to ensure that emerging dementia treatments are safe and effective for all populations.

Indexed as

Clinical Trials as TopicDementiaEthnicityPatient SelectionRacial GroupsAlzheimer DiseaseAsian PeopleCanadaEthnic and Racial MinoritiesFemaleHispanic or LatinoHumansMaleUnited KingdomUnited StatesWhite PeopleAlzheimer's diseaseclinical trialsdementiaethnicityethnic populations

Identifiers

PMID42104909
PMCPMC13156897

What OpenQuestion holds

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LicenceCC BY
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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.