ReviewAnimal models and experimental medicine2026
Porcine kidney xenotransplantation: From primate models to clinical reality.
Review in Animal models and experimental medicine, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. An erratum has been issued. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Correction to "Porcine kidney xenotransplantation: From primate models to clinical reality".Animal models and experimental medicine · 2026Article
Corrections and comments
- Erratum issued
Authors and funding
4 authors.
Funding
Abstract
The escalating global incidence of end-stage renal disease has exacerbated the critical shortage of kidneys from human donors. Porcine kidney xenotransplantation has emerged as the most promising alternative solution to providing an unlimited organ supply. In this review, we examine the historical evolution, current breakthroughs and future directions of kidney xenotransplantation. We probe the milestones from early attempts and non-human primate (NHP) experiments to recent clinical trials involving both brain-dead and living human recipients. The core of this review provides an in-depth discussion of the significant barriers in kidney xenotransplantation, including immune rejection, physiological incompatibilities and the risk of cross-species infection. Next, we systematically outline the multifaceted strategies developed to overcome these barriers. The rapid development of gene editing technology has enabled the establishment of multigene-edited pigs. These donors feature knockout of key carbohydrate antigen genes and expression of various human proteins, including complement regulators, anticoagulants, and immunomodulators. These genetic modifications have extended xenograft survival in NHP models to over 750 days. This is synergized with novel immunosuppressive regimens, tolerance-induction protocols, cellular therapies, and emerging adjuncts like bioengineering materials and organoid-on-a-chip technologies. Finally, we discuss future directions, raising concerns about potential complications arising from the biomechanical incompatibility between pigs and human in xenotransplantation, highlighting the need to deploy advanced multi-omics to identify unknown xenoantigens, optimize bioengineering materials for local immunomodulation, and validate extracellular vesicles as non-invasive biomarkers. While challenges for long-term xenograft survival remain, kidney xenotransplantation is rapidly advancing from preclinical research to clinical reality, holding huge potential to resolve the organ shortage crisis.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.