Observational studyThe Laryngoscope2026
Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills in Mastoidectomy Using 3D-Printed Temporal Bones.
Observational study in The Laryngoscope, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills in Mastoidectomy Using 3D-Printed Temporal Bones.The Laryngoscope · 2026Observational
Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
objectiveTo evaluate the use of three-dimensional (3D) printed temporal bone models combined with final product analysis as an objective structured assessment of technical skills tool to assess mastoidectomy performance across levels of otolaryngology residency training.
methodsIn this prospective observational study conducted at a single academic otolaryngology residency program, 32 residents performed 64 mastoidectomies on 3D-printed temporal bone models over a three-year period. Three expert faculty independently and anonymously evaluated each performance using a validated 14-item final product analysis checklist. Statistical analyses included linear regression, ANOVA, Mann-Whitney U, Wilcoxon signed-rank tests, and intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) for inter-rater reliability.
resultsMedian scores improved steadily with training level, from 35.0 in postgraduate year (PGY) 1 to 53.7 in PGY 5 out of 70. Linear regression demonstrated a significant positive association between both training level and duration in residency with performance. Senior residents (PGY 4-5, median score 54.0) significantly outperformed junior residents (PGY 1-3, median score 38.0; p = 0.012). Across all training levels, median scores improved from 43.2 on the first attempt to 52.5 on the third, though this difference was not statistically significant. Inter-rater reliability was excellent (ICC = 0.9210, p < 0.0001). A proficiency cutoff score of 45/70 was established using the contrasting groups method.
conclusionThe consistency of 3D-printed temporal bones judged by final product analysis allows for fair, objective, and reliable assessment for formative and summative evaluations. By longitudinally tracking skill improvement and differentiating performance across training levels, it supports the transition to competency-based surgical education. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: N/A.
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