Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42102734›Full record

ArticleAmerican journal of human genetics2026

The impact of sex on the immune system explored at the single-cell level.

Seyhan Yazar, Jose Alquicira-Hernandez, Kristof Wing, Anne Senabouth, Stacey Andersen, Kirsten A Fairfax, Alex W Hewitt, Joseph E Powell, Sara Ballouz

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in American journal of human genetics, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 2 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
2citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

2 citing papers in PubMed.

  1. Article
  2. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

9 authors.

Seyhan YazarPrecision Immunology, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Clinical Medicine, UNSW Medicine and Health, Sydney, NSW, Australia; Translational Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: s.yazar@garvan.org.au.
Jose Alquicira-HernandezTranslational Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Kristof WingTasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
Anne SenabouthTranslational Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Stacey AndersenInstitute for Molecular Bioscience, University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Kirsten A FairfaxTasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia.
Alex W HewittTasmanian School of Medicine, University of Tasmania, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Department of Ophthalmology, Royal Hobart Hospital, Hobart, TAS, Australia; Centre for Eye Research Australia, University of Melbourne, East Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Joseph E PowellTranslational Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; UNSW Cellular Genomics Futures Institute, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
Sara BallouzTranslational Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Sydney, NSW, Australia; School of Computer Science and Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW, Australia. Electronic address: s.ballouz@unsw.edu.au.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Sex has a key role in disease susceptibility (in particular, autoimmunity). Sex differences in the immune system originate from genes and their interactions with both intrinsic and extrinsic factors. However, the cellular-level factors influencing sexual dimorphism are not fully understood. We thus examined immune sex differences at single-cell resolution to dissect the genetic impacts. Female-biased sex-differentially expressed genes (sex-DEGs) in multiple immune cells were involved in tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) signaling, whereas male DEGs were enriched for ribosomal-related functions. While cis-expression trait quantitative loci (eQTLs) were less common on sex chromosomes, we identified over 1,000 sex-specific eQTLs and 51 sex-interacting eQTLs on autosomes. When we examined the effect of genetic control on sex-DEGs, we found genetic variants affecting the female-biased expression of FCGR3A in natural killer (NK) cells (rs2099684) and ITGB2 in monocytes (rs760462), both of which are associated with systemic lupus erythematosus. Our work reveals biases masked in bulk analyses and highlights sexually dimorphic genes and pathways at baseline.

Indexed as

Immune SystemQuantitative Trait LociSex CharacteristicsSingle-Cell AnalysisFemaleHumansKiller Cells, NaturalLupus Erythematosus, SystemicMaleMonocytesReceptors, IgGReceptors, IgGexpression quantitative trait lociimmune cellssex-biased expressionsex chromosomessex differences

Identifiers

PMID42102734
PMCPMC13277697

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.