Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42102219›Full record

ArticleScience advances2026

Mammary and respiratory infection of sheep with H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses with milk-mediated transmission to lambs.

Tamiru N Alkie, Carissa Embury-Hyatt, Anthony V Signore, Estella Moffat, Darwin Ramos, Sugandha Raj, Tamiko Hisanaga, Ifeoluwa Ayilara, Daniel S Sullivan, Patrick Lloyd and 9 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Science advances, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

19 authors.

Tamiru N AlkieCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0009-0008-6507-6635
Carissa Embury-HyattCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Anthony V SignoreCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-0664-0864
Estella MoffatCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0009-0001-9483-3606
Darwin RamosCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Sugandha RajCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Tamiko HisanagaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0003-0216-6496
Ifeoluwa AyilaraCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-6742-3065
Daniel S SullivanCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Patrick LloydCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Lemarie PamaCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.
Cassidy N G ErdelyanCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-8893-7804
Andrew S LangDepartment of Biology, Memorial University of Newfoundland, St. John's, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-4510-7683
Darwyn KobasaSpecial Pathogens Program, National Microbiology Laboratory, Public Health Agency of Canada, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-6371-7493
Davor OjkicAnimal Health Laboratory, University of Guelph, Guelph, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-4429-4843
Loren MathesonCentre for Security Science, Defence Research and Development Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
Oliver LungCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-0494-1620
Zvonimir PoljakDepartment of Population Medicine, Ontario Veterinary College, University of Guelph, Guelph, Ontario, Canada.ORCID 0000-0001-8621-3661
Yohannes BerhaneCanadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada.ORCID 0000-0002-5958-3525

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

H5Nx clade 2.3.4.4b viruses are evolving rapidly, expanding host ranges and threatening animal and public health. In the US, genotype B3.13 dominates dairy outbreaks, while D1.1 is linked to fewer cases. In the UK, an asymptomatic ewe infected with genotype DI.2 raised concerns about ruminant susceptibility. We inoculated lactating and nonlactating sheep with D1.1 (H5N1) and A6 (H5N5) viruses. Intramammary inoculation in lactating sheep caused clinical mastitis, high viral loads in milk, and transmission to suckling lambs, which further spread infection to the uninoculated mammary glands. Both ewes and their lambs seroconverted. Aerosol exposure of nonlactating sheep led to transient respiratory infection, with low-level viral replication, and seroconversion. In vitro, both viruses replicated in sheep mammary epithelial cells. These findings establish sheep as a viable ruminant model for H5N1 and H5N5 infection and highlight previously unidentified transmission dynamics, including milk-mediated and lamb-to-ewe spread, relevant for surveillance and biosecurity in ruminant populations.

Indexed as

Influenza A virusMammary Glands, AnimalMilkOrthomyxoviridae InfectionsRespiratory Tract InfectionsSheep DiseasesAnimalsFemaleInfluenza A Virus, H5N1 SubtypeLactationSheep

Identifiers

PMID42102219
PMCPMC13155352

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
LicenceCC BY
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.