ArticlePloS one2026
Chinmo affects developmental timing and patterning during cockroach embryogenesis.
Article in PloS one, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The transcription factor Chinmo (short for Chronologically Inappropriate Morphogenesis) is a key regulator of developmental timing and metamorphosis in insects, where it represses metamorphosis-related genes during postembryonic development. While the postembryonic functions of Chinmo are well established, its role during embryogenesis is poorly understood. Here, we investigate the expression pattern and function of chinmo during embryogenesis in a hemimetabolan insect, the German cockroach, Blattella germanica. qRT-PCR measurements revealed exceptionally high levels of chinmo transcripts at embryonic day 0 (nearly an order of magnitude higher than those observed in postembryonic stages), followed by a sharp decline throughout embryogenesis, consistent with a maternal origin of the transcripts. Maternal RNA interference targeting chinmo resulted in a significant reduction in hatchling numbers, and produced characteristic embryonic defects. Early embryos exhibited severe abnormalities in germ-band formation and pronounced developmental delays, particularly affecting appendage differentiation. At later-stages, embryos displayed persistent developmental arrest, defects in cuticle replacement, and abnormalities in early embryonic development. Together, these findings demonstrate that Chinmo is required for proper germ-band formation and timely developmental progression. Comparative analysis with the holometabolan species Drosophila melanogaster revealed marked differences in the dynamics of embryonic chinmo expression, which peaks during mid-to-late embryogenesis. This pattern is consistent with previous reports showing that D. melanogaster embryos with reduced chinmo expression arrest during late embryogenesis. Collectively, these data support the hypothesis that evolutionary shifts in the timing and magnitude of chinmo expression during embryogenesis have contributed to the divergence of developmental strategies between hemimetabolan and holometabolan insects.
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