ReviewJPRAS open2026
Functional and clinical outcomes of propeller flaps in lower extremity reconstruction: A systematic review.
Review in JPRAS open, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
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Corrections and comments
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Authors and funding
7 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Background: Soft-tissue reconstruction of the distal leg, ankle, and foot remains challenging due to limited local tissue and compromised vascularity. Propeller perforator flaps have emerged over the past 2 decades as an alternative to free flaps, offering preservation of major vascular axes and reduced donor-site morbidity. However, clinical outcomes remain heterogeneous, and the reliability and functional benefits of PPFs are still debated. Methods: A PRISMA-2020-compliant systematic review (PROSPERO: CRD420251148124) was conducted through August 2025 across PubMed, MEDLINE, Embase, Ovid, and Web of Science. Eligible studies included observational designs, case series, and case reports on PPFs for lower-extremity reconstruction. Primary outcomes included flap survival, necrosis, venous congestion, infection, reoperation, functional recovery, and quality of life. The risk of bias was assessed using the Joanna Briggs Institute tools and the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. Results: Fifty-one studies ( Conclusions: Propeller perforator flaps are a feasible reconstructive option for lower limb defects, although outcomes remain variable. Further prospective, comparative studies are needed to establish their long-term reliability and functional impact.
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Registered trials
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