ArticleMalaria journal2026
Socio-demographic predictors of insecticide-treated bed net ownership and utilization for protection against malaria by rural community members across five regions of Mainland Tanzania.
Article in Malaria journal, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundDespite decades of control efforts. malaria burden in Tanzania remains high, with marked heterogeneity in transmission intensity across regions. Insecticide-treated bed nets (ITNs) are a core malaria intervention and are distributed through multiple channels in Tanzania to promote equitable access and use, yet disparities in ITNs ownership and use persist. This study evaluated socio-demographic predictors of ITNs ownership and use among rural communities from five regions with varying malaria endemicity.
methodsA community-based cross-sectional survey covering individuals aged ≥ 6 months was conducted from July to August 2023 in 15 villages across five districts from five regions of Mainland Tanzania (Kagera, Kigoma, Njombe, Ruvuma, and Tanga). Data on demographics, malaria prevention practices, anthropometrics and socio-economic status (SES) were collected using structured questionnaires installed in tablets, run with Open Data Kit (ODK) software. Socio-demographic predictors of ITNs ownership and use were assessed using logistic regression analysis. The results were reported as crude (cOR) and adjusted odds ratios (aOR) with 95% confidence intervals (CI) and a p-value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.
resultsAmong the 10,228 enrolled participants, 7939 (77.6%) and 7899 (77.2%) reported owning and using ITNs, respectively. ITNs ownership and use varied significantly across districts (p < 0.001), with the highest rates observed in Nyasa (Ruvuma) and the lowest in Kyerwa (Kagera). Females had higher odds of both ITNs ownership and use than males (aOR = 1.27, 95% CI 1.12-1.45, p < 0.001 for both outcomes). Under-fives were more likely to own (aOR = 1.83, 95%CI 1.56-2.15, p < 0.001) and use ITNs (aOR = 2.26, 95%CI 1.62-3.15, p < 0.001) than adults. Participants from Nyasa (Ruvuma), Ludewa (Njombe), Muheza (Tanga) and Buhigwe (Kigoma) districts exhibited higher odds of ITNs ownership and use compared to those from Kyerwa (Kagera) (p < 0.001). Higher education attainment and household SES were independently associated with increased ITNs ownership and use (p < 0.001).
conclusionAlthough ITNs ownership and use were relatively higher across the surveyed communities, coverage remained below the national target of 80% (projected for 2023). Higher ITNs ownership and use were reported among females, under-fives, participants with higher education and those from households with high SES. Disparities by sex, age groups, household SES and education status persist and should be explicitly addressed through ITNs distribution strategies to enable equitable access and use of ITNs across all population groups to expedite progress toward malaria elimination in Tanzania.
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