Evidence of Juquitiba and Jaborá Orthohantavirus Co-Circulation in Rodent Communities of Argentina.

Hantaviruses infect a wide range of vertebrate hosts. In the Americas, Orthohantavirus species pose a major public health concern due to their ability to cause Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome (HCPS). Given the lack of approved vaccines and specific treatments for HCPS, identifying circulating orthohantavirus genotypes and their hosts, along with estimating prevalence, is essential for designing effective preventive strategies. The objectives of this study were: (1) to identify the orthohantavirus hosts, (2) to determine the circulating orthohantavirus genotypes, (3) to assess the population structure and dynamics of Akodon montensis, (4) to characterize the rodent communities, and (5) to evaluate associations between A. montensis abundance and environmental variables in two protected natural areas of Misiones Province, Argentina. A total of 12 rodent trapping sessions were conducted from April 2021 to February 2023 in Urugua-í and Cruce Caballero Provincial Parks. Orthohantavirus antibodies were detected in four A. montensis and three Oligoryzomys nigripes from both Provincial Parks. Molecular analyses provided evidence of the co-circulation of Jaborá and Juquitiba orthohantavirus genotypes. Both areas exhibited similar rodent community compositions, with A. montensis as the numerically dominant species and O. nigripes occurring at low abundance. In Urugua-í, A. montensis abundance varied in relation to precipitation and vegetation productivity, whereas no such associations were observed in Cruce Caballero. Further studies are needed to effectively monitor these communities and to gain a better understanding of potential fluctuations in seroprevalence, changes in genotype pathogenicity, and the possible detection of unknown genotypes.