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ArticleScientific reports2026

Fabry-Perot cavity-based circularly polarized Sierpinski fractal antenna with analysis and measurement characterization for sub 5/6G V2I and V2V communication.

Fatima Ez-Zaki, Shahid Khan, Omar Ourahou, Hassan Belahrach, Abdelilah Ghammaz, Salahuddin Khan, Jamal Nasir, Slawomir Koziel, Sadiq Ullah, Ladislau Matekovits

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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1 · What the graph read from it

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2 · The registry

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

10 authors.

Fatima Ez-ZakiLaboratory of Innovation in Management and Engineering for Business (LIMIE), Higher Institute of Engineering and Business (ISGA), Marrakech, Morocco.
Shahid KhanDepartment of Elecrical Engineering , COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22044, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Omar OurahouLSEEET Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av Abdelkrim Khattabi, Marrakech, Morocco.
Hassan BelahrachLSEEET Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av Abdelkrim Khattabi, Marrakech, Morocco.
Abdelilah GhammazLSEEET Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Technologies, Cadi Ayyad University, Av Abdelkrim Khattabi, Marrakech, Morocco.
Salahuddin KhanCollege of Engineering, King Saud University, P.O. Box 800, 11421, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia.
Jamal NasirDepartment of Elecrical Engineering , COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22044, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Slawomir KozielDepartment of Elecrical Engineering , COMSATS University Islamabad, Abbottabad Campus, 22044, Abbottabad, Pakistan.
Sadiq UllahElectrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, University of Tabuk, 47913, Tabuk, Saudi Arabia.
Ladislau MatekovitsDepartment of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico Di Torino, 10129, Turin, Italy. ladislau.matekovits@polito.it.

Funding

Icelandic Research Fund Grant 2410297National Science Center of Poland 2020/37/B/ST7/01448National Science Center of Poland 2022/47/B/ST7/00072
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

This paper presents the design, fabrication, and performance analysis of a high-gain, broadband circularly polarized (CP) Fabry-Perot cavity (FPC) antenna tailored for vehicular communication applications. The proposed antenna employs a frequency-selective surface (FSS)-based partially reflective surface (PRS) superstrate, fabricated on Rogers 5880 substrate, to enhance gain and 3-dB gain bandwidth. At the core of the design is a Sierpinski fractal-shaped radiating element with corner etching, which effectively addresses the narrow axial ratio (AR) bandwidth limitations typically associated with circularly polarized (CP) antennas. The single-element configuration yields a gain of 3.8 dBc, which increases to 7 dBc in a two-element array arrangement. Integrating a Fabry-Perot configuration with a single PRS superstrate of 1.575 mm thickness and positioned 24.6 mm above the radiating patch further improves the performance, achieving 15.5 dBc gain and enhanced AR bandwidth centered around 5.9 GHz. To further augment the performance, a PRS with a positive phase gradient is introduced, resulting in a stable peak gain of 17.72 dBc and improved beam width and polarization stability. Comprehensive simulations and measurements show excellent agreement, validating the proposed antenna's suitability for high-performance, real-world vehicle-to-vehicle (V2V), vehicle-to-infrastructure (V2I), and vehicle-to-everything (V2X) communication systems.

Indexed as

CPFabry–PerotFSSMeasurementPRSSierpinski fractalV2IV2V

Identifiers

PMID42098297
PMCPMC13342505

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