ArticleScientific reports2026
Environmentally sustainable renewable luffa-derived biomass graphene nanosheets for efficient Cr (VI) removal: Fabrication, characterization, and adsorption analysis.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
In this study, an environmentally sustainable and renewable biomass-derived from luffa agricultural waste was used as a cost-effective precursor for graphene synthesis through chemical activation and graphitization processes. Luffa-based graphene nanosheets (LGN) were synthesized and characterized using FTIR, SEM, AFM, Raman, and XRD techniques. Structural and textural analyses of the synthesized LGN confirmed the formation of a three-dimensional graphene architecture with an ultrahigh specific surface area of 2,646.3 m² g⁻¹, representing a significant increase compared to raw luffa (12.056 m² g⁻¹). Consequently, LGN achieved a high maximum adsorption capacity toward Cr(VI) of 103.73 mg g⁻¹ in water, which is approximately tenfold higher than that of the raw luffa. Optimization using Box-Behnken design predicted the optimal operating conditions at pH 2.1, adsorbent dose of 0.44 g L
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