ArticleScientific reports2026
A stable solid-like water at normal condition.
Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
The physical state of water under extreme confinement can deviate from bulk behavior, yet such effects are typically considered limited to the sub-10 nm regime. Here we report a stable solid-like water phase under ambient conditions in SiO₂ microtubules spanning the submicron–micron scale. The confined water shows pronounced solid-like behavior: it can be sectioned by focused ion beam (FIB) milling and deforms plastically under stress rather than flowing, while maintaining a stable morphology from − 20 to 90 °C and from high vacuum (10⁻⁵ Pa) to atmospheric pressure. ¹H NMR, Raman, and IR spectra indicate strongly restricted molecular dynamics and a modified hydrogen-bonding environment distinct from bulk liquid water and crystalline ice. ¹H NMR quantification and surface-chemistry controls further identify an exceptionally high density of inner-wall silanol (SiOH) groups as the key factor governing formation and stability, with clear pH dependence and reversible transitions. These findings highlight a mesoscale confinement regime dominated by interfacial chemistry.
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