ArticleJournal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS)2026
Energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence provides a new option for measuring arsenic, mercury, and lead in dried blood spots.
Article in Journal of trace elements in medicine and biology : organ of the Society for Minerals and Trace Elements (GMS), 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
backgroundEnergy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (EDXRF) is a non-destructive analytical technique with potential for quantifying toxic metals in biological samples, but applications to dried blood spots (DBS) have largely focused on lead. The feasibility of simultaneous multi-element analysis in DBS using EDXRF has not been well established.
methodsWhole-blood NIST SRM 955c reference materials spanning four concentration levels were deposited onto protein saver cards at volumes ranging from 10 to 75 µL. Dried blood spots were analyzed using a benchtop EDXRF spectrometer for arsenic (As), mercury (Hg), and lead (Pb). Instrument response, blood spot volume effects, repeatability, detection limits, and limits of quantification were evaluated.
resultsBack-calculated XRF concentrations showed strong agreement with NIST-assigned values across the test concentration range for all three elements, with increased variability observed only at the lowest concentration level. Blood spot volume had no significant effect on measured concentrations for volumes ≥ 20 µL, while 10 µL spots exhibited increased variability. Repeatability improved with increasing concentration, with coefficients of variation decreasing from 16 to 53% at the lowest concentration level to ≤ 7% at the highest level. Detection limits were 2.3 µg/L for As, 3.6 µg/L for Hg, and 14.1 µg/L for Pb.
conclusionsEDXRF enables simultaneous measurement of As, Hg, and Pb in dried blood spots with analytical performance suitable for biomonitoring and exposure screening applications. This approach is particularly well suited for large-scale or retrospective studies requiring minimal sample preparation and non-destructive analysis.
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