ArticleThe Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism2026
Serum androgen profile of elite athletes.
Article in The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.
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Who cites it
1 citing paper in PubMed.
- Reproducibility of Serum Androgen Concentrations by Liquid Chromatography Mass Spectrometry in Healthy Male and Female Athletes.Drug testing and analysis · 2026Article
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2 authors.
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Abstract
introductionThe binary sex classification protects elite female athletes from the male physical advantages arising from puberty; however, mutations causing XY disorders of sex development (DSD) challenge the binary sex classification. Hormonal features of the most frequent XY DSDs in sports, androgen insensitivity syndrome (AIS) and 5α-reductase type 2 deficiency (5ARD) are not well described.
aimsTo define serum androgen profiles in elite athletics (track and field) events.
methodsSerum samples from elite athletes (n = 1689; male 889, female 800; n = 5516 samples, median 3 per person) were analyzed by liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (LCMS) for serum testosterone (T), dihydrotestosterone (DHT), and androstenedione in 19 World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)-accredited laboratories. Serum steroids and ratios were analyzed by linear mixed model for repeated measures with adjustment for multiple comparisons and imputation for left-censored (dihydrotestosterone [DHT]) data. Among females, XY DSD identified by adult male serum T concentrations, had clinical diagnosis of 5ARD, AIS, or unclassified (UNCL).
resultsXY DSD comprised 12 individuals with 5ARD with 2 with AIS (1 complete). Excluding pregnancy or androgen doping samples, men had higher serum T (n = 2671, 19.7 ± 0.1 nmol/L) and T/DHT ratio (n = 1903, 14.4 ± 0.2) than women (n = 2793, 1.1 ± 0.1 nmol/L; n = 1809, 3.7 ± 0.12, respectively) with XY DSD featuring male-like results (n = 52, 28.9 ± 0.8 nmol/L; n = 39; 32.0 ± 1.3).
conclusionThe prevalence of XY DSD in elite female athletes greatly exceeds that of the community with a high proportion of androgen-sensitive 5ARD. Serum T/DHT ratio by LCMS to characterize 5ARD can be extended to elite athletes.
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