Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42094860›Full record

ArticleKidney international reports2026

Efficacy and Safety of Rituximab Therapy to Sustain Remission in Young Children With Childhood Nephrotic Syndrome.

Eugene Yu-Hin Chan, Chun Ting Au, Ellen Lm Yu, Andrea Angeletti, Zainab Arslan, Olivia Boyer, Chang-Yien Chan, Manuela Colucci, Guillaume Dorval, Claire Dossier and 20 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Kidney international reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 5 papers.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
5citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

5 citing papers in PubMed.

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4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

30 authors.

Eugene Yu-Hin ChanDepartment of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
Chun Ting AuDepartment of Paediatrics, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Shatin, Hong Kong SAR.
Ellen Lm YuKowloon West Cluster Research Centre, Princess Margaret Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
Andrea AngelettiDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
Zainab ArslanDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
Olivia BoyerDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Nephrotic Syndrome in Children and Adults, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Chang-Yien ChanDepartment of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Manuela ColucciLaboratory of Nephrology, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù - Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Rome, Italy.
Guillaume DorvalDepartment of Pediatric Nephrology, Reference Center for Nephrotic Syndrome in Children and Adults, Necker-Enfants Malades Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Institut Imagine, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale U1163, Université Paris Cité, Paris, France.
Claire DossierPediatric Nephrology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
Gian Marco GhiggeriDepartment of Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, Genoa, Italy.
Riku HamadaDepartment of Nephrology and Rheumatology, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan.
Julien HoganPediatric Nephrology Department, Robert Debré Hospital, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.
Kenji IshikuraDepartment of Pediatrics, Kitasato University School of Medicine, Kanagawa, Japan.
Koichi KameiDivision of Nephrology and Rheumatology, National Center for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan.
Markus J KemperDepartment of Pediatrics, Asklepios Medical School, Hamburg, Germany.
Alison Lap-Tak MaPaediatric Nephrology Centre, Hong Kong Children's Hospital, Hong Kong SAR.
Rulan S ParekhDepartments of Medicine and Pediatrics, Women's College Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Seetha RadhakrishnanDivision of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Cal RobinsonDivision of Pediatric Nephrology, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
Qian ShenDepartment of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
Rajiv SinhaPediatric Nephrology Unit, Institute of Child Health, Kolkata, India.
Chantida SubunDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
Sharon TeoKhoo Teck Puat National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
Marina VivarelliLaboratory of Nephrology, Translational Pediatrics and Clinical Genetics, Ospedale Pediatrico Bambino Gesù - Scientific Institute for Research and Health Care, Rome, Italy.
Hazel WebbDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Trust, London, UK.
Hong XuDepartment of Nephrology, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, National Children's Medical Center, Shanghai, China.
Tomohiko YamamuraDepartment of Pediatrics, Kobe University Graduate School of Medicine, Kobe, Japan.
Hui Kim YapDepartment of Paediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore.
Kjell TullusDepartment of Paediatric Nephrology, Great Ormond Street Hospital for Children, National Health Service Trust, London, UK.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: The efficacy and safety of rituximab in children aged < 6 years with frequently-relapsing and/or steroid-dependent nephrotic syndrome (FRSDNS) remain controversial. Methods: We conducted a retrospective cohort study at 16 pediatric nephrology centers from 10 countries in Asia, Europe, and North America. We first analyzed young children with FRSDNS who received their first rituximab treatment before the age of 6 years. As a secondary analysis, we matched young children aged < 6 years with older patients who received their first rituximab between the ages of 6 to 21 years. Results: One hundred one children (70 boys) received their first rituximab courses at the age of 4.5 (interquartile range [IQR]: 3.6-5.4) years, with an observation period of 4.6 (IQR: 3.2-6.6) years. Most children were Europeans (42%) and Southeast Asians (35%). Seventy-five children (74%) were multidrug dependent. In the primary analysis, among the 101 young children, the median relapse-free survival after the first rituximab treatment was 8.8 (95% confidence interval [CI]: 7.5-11.0) months by Kaplan-Meier analysis. Each additional month of concurrent immunosuppression post-rituximab reduced relapse risk by 8% (adjusted hazard ratio: 0.92; 95% CI: 0.89-0.96; Conclusion: Rituximab offers reasonable efficacy in young children with FRSDNS, with a trend toward a shorter relapse-free period and more potential complications. Rituximab should be reserved until established treatments are exhausted.

Indexed as

anti-CD20childrenFSGSminimal change diseasenephrotic syndromerituximab

Identifiers

PMID42094860
PMCPMC13141042

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.