ArticleKidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland)
Prevalence and Risk Factors of Cardiovascular-Kidney-Metabolic Syndrome in Noncardiac Surgery Patients.
Article in Kidney diseases (Basel, Switzerland). The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Introduction: Cardiovascular-kidney-metabolic (CKM) syndrome is a systemic disease that leads to multiple organ dysfunction and high rates of cardiovascular adverse outcomes. This cross-sectional study examines the prevalence and associated risk factors of different stages of CKM syndrome in noncardiac surgery patients. Methods: We enrolled patients preparing for noncardiac surgery at Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University from December 2017 to December 2020 based on inclusion and exclusion criteria. We divided participants into five CKM syndrome stages based on clinical severity and calculated the prevalence of each stage. Results: The final study population consisted of 12,415 patients (50.2% female, mean age was 57.12 ± 15.02 years). A total of 15.3% of people met criteria for stage 0 of CKM syndrome, 22.6% for stage 1, 52.4% for stage 2, 1.5% for stage 3, and 8.2% for stage 4. Advanced stages (meaning CKM stage 2, stage 3, and stage 4) occurred in 62.1%. Multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that, compared to those with young age (18-44 years), age ≥60 years was identified as a risk factor (OR = 4.592, 95% CI 4.138-5.095, Conclusion: CKM syndrome is highly prevalent (84.7%) in noncardiac surgical patients. Gender, age, type of surgery, and higher hs-CRP levels are independent risk factors for CKM syndrome in patients in noncardiac Surgery.
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