Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42094645›Full record

ArticleBMJ public health2026

Association between local household income and paediatric visual outcomes: a retrospective cross-sectional study of a mobile school-based eye clinic in Orange County, California.

Kimia Rezaei, Jainam Shah, John D Hong, Elliot H Choi, Kourosh Shahraki, Kimberly R Walker, Annabelle M Storch, Joseph H Bui, Jennifer Espinoza, Diana Torres and 1 more

Abstract read
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In one paragraph

Article in BMJ public health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Review
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Kimia RezaeiUniversity of California Irvine Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-4245-0226
Jainam ShahAlbert Einstein College of Medicine Bronx, New York, New York, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0009-0004-3088-7543
John D HongOphthalmology, University of California Irvine Gavin Herbert Eye Institute, Irvine, California, USA.ORCID https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5563-417X
Elliot H ChoiJules Stein Eye Institute, University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California, USA.
Kourosh ShahrakiGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Kimberly R WalkerGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Annabelle M StorchGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Joseph H BuiGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Jennifer EspinozaGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Diana TorresGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.
Donny W SuhGavin Herbert Eye Institute (GHEI), University of California Irvine, Irvine, California, USA.

Funding

No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.

6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Introduction: Socio-economic status (SES) influences paediatric visual health by affecting eye care access, refractive error prevalence and spectacle provision. This study examines the link between household income and paediatric vision outcomes in Orange County, California, USA using data from the University of California, Irvine EyeMobile Pediatric Clinic (2021-2024). Methods: Vision screening was conducted on 15 842 children (ages 3-10). Subsequent comprehensive eye examinations were performed on 3350 children who failed initial screening. Socio-economic stratification was based on zip-code-level median household income (MHI), categorised as below-average or above-average for Orange County. A retrospective cross-sectional analysis of examination data compared visual acuity, refractive error and spectacle provision rates between the two SES groups. Results: Children from below-average MHI areas had higher screening failure rates than those from above-average MHI areas (24.6% vs 18.5%) and a higher odds of screening failure (OR 1.44, 95% CI 1.33 to 1.57). They also demonstrated a higher need for spectacles (70.3% vs 64.8%), with an increased odds of requiring spectacles (OR 1.28, 95% CI 1.05 to 1.56). The prevalence of astigmatism was higher among children from areas with below-average MHI (75.3% vs 66.1%), corresponding to a significantly higher odds of astigmatism (OR 1.56, 95% CI 1.36 to 1.79). Best-corrected distance visual acuity improved with the provision of spectacles in both income groups; however, children from lower-income communities were more likely to present with uncorrected visual impairment during screening, consistent with the higher screening failure rates observed. Conclusion: Children from lower-income communities demonstrated higher rates of uncorrected visual impairment and a greater need for vision care services, while children from higher-income communities also faced substantial unmet vision needs. A mobile school-based vision screening programme, such as the EyeMobile, could significantly benefit both groups by promoting equitable access to vision care.

Indexed as

DemographyEpidemiologyPublic HealthSociodemographic Factors

Identifiers

PMID42094645
PMCPMC13141178

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Registered trials

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.