ArticlebioRxiv : the preprint server for biology2026
Eukaryotic domestication of a bacterial immune protein following horizontal transfer.
Article in bioRxiv : the preprint server for biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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Abstract
Many components of eukaryotic innate immunity originated from bacterial immune systems. However, it is unclear how eukaryotes acquire these genes and how the components are domesticated into eukaryotic physiology. Here, we discovered a recent instance of bacteria-eukaryote horizontal transfer and used it to characterize the genetic and biochemical changes that accompanied eukaryotic acquisition. We focus on Toll/interleukin-1 receptor (TIR) domains, which are widespread yet potentially costly immune modules associated with inflammation and/or cell death. By generating an atlas of TIR diversity across the tree of life, we phylogenetically categorized the domains and uncovered highly diverged, eukaryotic TIR families. This analysis revealed a horizontal transfer event that created the TirBCD protein family of
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