ArticleBMJ oncology2026
Testicular cancer incidence and associations with prior epididymo-orchitis or urinary tract infections: a national cohort study in Sweden, 1964-2018.
Article in BMJ oncology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
What it found
Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.
The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
The trial behind it
Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.
Who cites it
0 citing papers in PubMed.
No citing paper in PubMed yet.
Corrections and comments
PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.
Authors and funding
3 authors.
Funding
No grant is acknowledged in the PubMed record.
Abstract
Objective: To examine the extent to which epididymo-orchitis or urinary tract infections (UTI) may precede testicular cancer (TC) in Sweden. Methods and analysis: We conducted a nationwide, open-cohort study including 8 382 433 men between 1964 and 2018. Standardised incidence ratios (SIR) with 95% CIs were calculated to compare TC incidence rates in men diagnosed with epididymo-orchitis or UTI-either in the same calendar year as TC or in preceding calendar years (mean follow-up: 6.85 years, ±8.31 SD)-with those in men without these infections. Analyses were controlled for potential confounders and a sensitivity analysis on cystitis was also conducted. Results: A total of 11 903 men were diagnosed with TC during the study period; of these, 400 (3.36%) had been diagnosed with epididymo-orchitis and 122 (1.02%) with UTI. The TC incidence rate per 100 000 person-years was 5.09 (95% CI 4.99 to 5.18) for the entire study period and increased from 2.84 (2.68 to 3.02) in 1964-1973 to 8.37 (7.99 to 8.77) in 2014-2018. Among men with epididymo-orchitis (n=89 596), TC was diagnosed in 0.45%, with an overall SIR of 6.34 (95% CI 5.73 to 7.00) in the full model. For TC diagnosed in the same calendar year as epididymo-orchitis (289 cases), the SIR was 85.97 (76.33 to 96.50). For TC diagnosed in subsequent calendar years (111 cases) the SIR was 1.86 (1.53 to 2.24), with most cases diagnosed within 1-4 calendar years of follow-up (65 cases). Among men with UTI (n=294 201), TC was diagnosed in only 0.04%, with an overall SIR of 1.74 (1.44 to 2.08). The associations were not significant for TC diagnosed 1-4 years after UTI, nor between cystitis and subsequent TC. Conclusion: The association between epididymo-orchitis and TC was strong and persisted for several years after the infection. The findings support clinicians maintaining a heightened awareness of TC in patients with epididymo-orchitis, particularly when in diagnostic doubt or if symptoms persist, and could be a foundation for more detailed clinical studies on epididymo-orchitis as a potential TC risk factor. Although a potential link between UTI and TC was identified, the absolute risk was almost negligible.
Indexed as
Identifiers
What OpenQuestion holds
Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.