Frequency ratio model for flood susceptibility mapping in Nigeria.

Oluwadamilola Oluwatoyin Hazzan, Jinxi Song, Collins Chimezie Elendu, Mukhtar Iderawumi Abdulraheem, Precious Bawa Tani, Huck Ywih Ch'ng, Gholaremza Abdi

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Article in Scientific reports, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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7 authors.

Oluwadamilola Oluwatoyin HazzanXi'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.

Jinxi SongXi'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China. jinxisong@nwu.edu.cn.

Collins Chimezie ElenduXinjiang Key Laboratory of Environmental Pollution and Bioremediation, Xinjiang Institute of Ecology and Geography, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Urumqi, 830011, Xinjiang, China.

Mukhtar Iderawumi AbdulraheemDepartment of Agricultural Science, Oyo State College of Education, Lanlate, 202001, Nigeria.

Precious Bawa TaniXi'an Key Laboratory of Environmental Simulation and Ecological Health in the Yellow River Basin, College of Urban and Environmental Sciences, Northwest University, Xi'an, 710127, China.

Huck Ywih Ch'ngFaculty of Agro-Based Industry, Universiti Malaysia Kelantan, Jeli Campus, 17600, Jeli, Kelantan, Malaysia. huckywih@umk.edu.my.

Gholaremza AbdiDepartment of Biotechnology, Persian Gulf Research Institute, Persian Gulf University, Bushehr, 75169, Iran. abdi@pgu.ac.ir.

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6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Annually, the low-lying Niger Delta region of Nigeria, one of the country's most flood-prone areas, experiences severe flooding that causes extensive damage to infrastructure, ecosystems, and socio-economic stability. Hence, accurate flood susceptibility assessment and risk mapping are crucial for supporting effective mitigation and planning, which is the focus of this study. To address this, an integrated Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Frequency Ratio (FR) approach is used to delineate flood hazard zones and identify high-risk areas across the region. Notably, this represents the first application of the FR model across the unified Niger Delta, encompassing its six core states. The lack of documented flood-susceptibility assessments in this economically vital region underscores a significant research gap. Ten multicollinearity-free flood-conditioning factors, including rainfall, distance to river, drainage density, land use/land cover, elevation, slope, NDVI, soil type, curvature, and topographic wetness index, were analysed to generate a flood susceptibility map classified into five levels. The results indicate that 71.79% (26,297.21 Km

Indexed as

DisasterFlood susceptibilityFrequency ratio modelGeographic information systemRisk management

Identifiers

PMID42091956

DOI10.1038/s41598-026-51262-y

PMCPMC13338124

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