Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42091580›Full record

ArticleImmunology and cell biology2026

Cytosolic delivery of bacterial metabolites by riboflavin transporters promotes MR1 antigen presentation and MAIT cell recognition.

Sebastian Cruz-Gomez, Hui Jing Lim, Brunda Nijagal, Yuting Yang, Nicole Lau, Jeffrey Yw Mak, David P Fairlie, Hayley Newton, Mariolina Salio, Jose A Villadangos and 1 more

Abstract read
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Article in Immunology and cell biology, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

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0citing papers in PubMed
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1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

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3 · Its place in the literature

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4 · The record

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5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Sebastian Cruz-GomezDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Hui Jing LimDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Brunda NijagalMetabolomics Australia, Bio21 Institute of Molecular Science and Biotechnology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Yuting YangDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Nicole LauDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Jeffrey Yw MakCentre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
David P FairlieCentre for Chemistry and Drug Discovery, Institute for Molecular Bioscience, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia.
Hayley NewtonDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Mariolina SalioNuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK.
Jose A VilladangosDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.
Hamish Eg McWilliamDepartment of Microbiology and Immunology, The University of Melbourne, The Peter Doherty Institute for Infection and Immunity, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.

Funding

Australian Research Council CE200100012Australian Research Council DP170102471Cass FoundationNational Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 1058193National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 1113293National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 2003192National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 2009551National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia 2016969NIH HHS RO1 AI148407-01A1
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Major histocompatibility complex class I-related protein 1 (MR1) presents microbial Vitamin B-related metabolite antigens (VitBAg) at the cell surface to activate mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT) cells. Precisely how antigen-presenting cells capture these MR1 ligands is not known. Here, we show that the most effective route for presentation of bacterial VitBAg involves passage through the cytosol. Consistent with structural similarities with riboflavin, we find that VitBAg presentation is inhibited by riboflavin. We further show that riboflavin carriers transport VitBAg into cells and enhance MR1 antigen presentation to MAIT cells. However, elimination of specific riboflavin carriers does not ablate VitBAg presentation, indicating cells possess redundant mechanisms to internalize this family of MR1 ligands. Our findings provide new insights into the intracellular pathway used by VitBAg to bind MR1 molecules and identify potential approaches to boost MR1-mediated MAIT cell responses for therapeutic benefits.

Indexed as

Antigen PresentationCytosolHistocompatibility Antigens Class IMembrane Transport ProteinsMinor Histocompatibility AntigensMucosal-Associated Invariant T CellsRiboflavinAnimalsHumansRibitolHistocompatibility Antigens Class IMembrane Transport ProteinsMinor Histocompatibility AntigensMR1 protein, humanRibitolRiboflavin5‐OP‐RUantigen presentationBacterial InfectionMAIT cellsMR1riboflavin

Identifiers

PMID42091580
PMCPMC13331525

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Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.