Multiomics Approaches for Bacteriophage-Based Biocontrol Applications: A Review of Metabolomics, Transcriptomics, and Proteomics.

The emergence of multidrug-resistant (MDR) in various microorganisms due to prolonged antibiotic treatment poses a growing worldwide health issue. It is essential to identify alternative, effective methods to address MDR bacterial diseases, as treating infections caused by these pathogens can be challenging. Bacteriophages, also known as phages, are viruses that target and destroy bacteria. They are being investigated and utilized as alternatives to existing therapies because of their effectiveness and specificity. Phages are often considered safe substitutes for antibiotics because they naturally occur in the environment. Phage replacement therapy involves complex biological processes driven by interactions between phages and bacteria. An integrative approach is essential for a comprehensive analysis of these processes and for understanding the relationships between different biomolecules and their functions. This includes combining data from various omics, such as transcriptomics, proteomics, and metabolomics. High-throughput technology has revolutionised research, enabling the development of numerous tools and methods for integrating and interpreting multiomics data from diverse samples. This paper presents an overview of omics technologies and highlights strategies for integrating them across layers. By comparing data from multiomics and single-omics studies, a deeper understanding of the information flow underlying phage therapy will be gained.