Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42090264›Full record

ArticleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America2026

Linkage of nucleotide and functional diversity varies across gut bacteria.

Veronika Dubinkina, Byron J Smith, Chunyu Zhao, Cindy Pino, Katherine S Pollard

Abstract read
In one paragraph

Article in Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Cited by 1 paper.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
1citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

1 citing paper in PubMed.

  1. Linkage of nucleotide and functional diversity varies across gut bacteria.Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America · 2026
    Article
4 · The record

Corrections and comments

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

5 authors.

Veronika Dubinkina *Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158.ORCID 0000-0002-4844-6795
Byron J Smith *Gladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158.
Chunyu ZhaoGladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158.
Cindy PinoGladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158.ORCID 0000-0002-8078-3388
Katherine S PollardGladstone Institute of Data Science and Biotechnology, San Francisco, CA 94158.ORCID 0000-0002-9870-6196

Funding

Linking microbiome genetic variants with cardiovascular phenotypes in 50,000 individualsR01HL160862 · NHLBI · J. DAVID GLADSTONE INSTITUTES · PI POLLARD, KATHERINE S. · 2022 to 2025
$2.7M
Chan Zuckerberg BiohubGordon and Betty Moore Foundation (GBMF) 2919.02HHS | NIH | National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) R01HL160862NSF (NSF) PHY-2309135NSF (NSF) predoctoral fellowshipSan Simeon fund
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Understanding the forces shaping genomic diversity within bacterial species is essential for interpreting microbiome evolution, ecology, and host associations. Here, we analyze over one hundred prevalent gut bacterial species using the Unified Human Gut Genome collection to characterize patterns of intraspecific genomic variability. Gene content divergence scales predictably with divergence in core genome single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), though there is substantial variability in evolutionary dynamics across species. Overall, accessory genes exhibit consistently faster linkage decay compared to core SNPs, highlighting the fluidity of functional repertoires within species boundaries. This signal is strongest for mobile genetic elements, which show minimal linkage to core genome SNPs. Together, our findings reveal species-specific recombination regimes in the gut microbiome, underscoring the importance of accounting for horizontal gene transfer and genome plasticity in microbiome-wide association studies and evolutionary models.

Indexed as

BacteriaGastrointestinal MicrobiomeGenetic LinkageEvolution, MolecularGenetic VariationGene Transfer, HorizontalGenome, BacterialHumansPhylogenyPolymorphism, Single Nucleotidebacteriaevolutiongenetic variationhomologous recombinationhorizontal gene transfer

Identifiers

PMID42090264
PMCPMC13168539

What OpenQuestion holds

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Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.