Improving governance in the age of synthetic biology, artificial intelligence, and diverging threats.

Introduction: Advancements in synthetic biology (SynBio) and other emerging and converging technologies, such as artificial intelligence (AI) additive manufacturing (3D printing), and nanotechnology are driving progress at an unprecedented pace. However, these promising and groundbreaking advances could also lead to novel biological risks, including the potential development of SynBio-enabled bioweapons (BW). Methods: Conducting a Delphi process, we consulted 13 experts from diverse relevant sectors. The multi-stage process included insights from literature reviews, expert interviews, two rounds of expert surveys, and two workshops. Results: We identified consistent biological threat prioritizations and established consensus-driven policy recommendations. Based on this, we developed a novel hybrid governance framework. Our key proposal includes a multifaceted and integrative approach involving four sequential, iterative components: raising awareness; establishing robust training and monitoring systems to improve biosecurity measures; developing and implementing agile governance frameworks; and strengthening international treaties, such as the Biological Weapons Convention (BWC). Conclusion: We consider these integral, interconnected components to be interdependent and equally important. In an era of SynBio, AI-driven bioengineering, and democratization of biotechnology, implementing these recommendations will better safeguard against the potential misuse of these advancements in the context of the development and proliferation of BW.