Evidence map›Paper›PMID 42088715›Full record

ArticleBuilding and environment2025

Ten questions concerning water quality in building hot water systems.

Katherine Alfredo, Emilie Bedard, Helen Y Buse, Margot Cazals, Paul Francisco, Juneseok Lee, Sheldon Masters, Ed Osann, Ashlynn Stillwell, Paul Westerhoff and 1 more

Abstract read
PubMed Full text at PMC Publisher
In one paragraph

Article in Building and environment, 2025. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.

0numbers the graph read from it
0cells of the map it votes in
0citing papers in PubMed
–field-weighted citation impact
1 · What the graph read from it

What it found

Each row is one number read from the abstract, on the scale the paper reported it, with its interval. Left of the dashed line favours the treatment, right favours the comparator. Under each row is the sentence it came from. New to these charts? A ten-minute tutorial.

The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.

2 · The registry

The trial behind it

Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.

Neither the registry nor the abstract names a trial number. If this is a trial report, that itself is worth knowing.

3 · Its place in the literature

Who cites it

0 citing papers in PubMed.

No citing paper in PubMed yet.

4 · The record

Corrections and comments

PubMed lists nothing against this paper. Absence here is not a guarantee, only a check that was made.

5 · Who and what money

Authors and funding

11 authors.

Katherine AlfredoDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL.ORCID 0000-0003-4392-9031
Emilie BedardDepartment of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Helen Y BuseU.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Office of Research and Development, Center for Environmental Solutions and Emergency Response, Cincinnati, Ohio, USA.
Margot CazalsDepartment of Civil, Geological and Mining Engineering, Polytechnique Montreal, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
Paul FranciscoEnergy Institute, Colorado State University, Fort Collins, Colorado, USA.
Juneseok LeeDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Manhattan University, Riverdale, New York, USA.
Sheldon MastersDepartment of Civil, Environmental and Architectural Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA.
Ed OsannNatural Resources Defense Council, Washington, DC, USA.
Ashlynn StillwellDepartment of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Grainger College of Engineering, Urbana, Illinois, USA.
Paul WesterhoffSchool of Sustainable Engineering and The Built Environment, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, USA.
Timothy A BartrandEnvironmental Science, Policy, and Research Institute, Narberth, Pennsylvania, USA.

Funding

Intramural EPA EPA999999
6 · The paper itself

Abstract

Hot water systems - water heaters and connected downstream plumbing and fixtures - are at the center of the water-energy nexus. They are ubiquitous and deliver an essential service but are subject to water quality degradation and health risks, scalding risks, energy consumption and greenhouse gas production, and water wastage. While the focus of this paper is on water quality, hot water quality is intimately connected to hydraulics, system layout, water conservation, energy conservation, and user outcomes. Despite their importance, hot water systems are less studied than drinking water production and transmission systems. Better knowledge about hot water will help professionals who design, install, and operate the systems; system users to manage competing risks; and researchers to identify opportunities for innovation. The ten questions posed are focused on the United States. The questions were developed during a workshop that brought together experts in all aspects of hot water systems to identify and prioritize research and innovation opportunities for hot water systems. The questions are ordered to first provide a general description of hot water systems and the chemical and microbiological processes that occur within them, then to discuss the state-of-the-art in modeling and informatics (both critical given the wide diversity in hot water systems), next to explore user and usage aspects of systems and the importance of user-focused design, and finally to identify and prioritize hot water system research and innovation opportunities.

Indexed as

EnergyInnovationMicrobiomePlumbing complianceSustainabilityUser

Identifiers

PMID42088715
PMCPMC13138005

What OpenQuestion holds

Textmetadata
Read underepoch 390

Registered trials

None linked

Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.