ReviewFrontiers in reproductive health2026
Advances in immunological research on male infertility.
Review in Frontiers in reproductive health, 2026. The graph could read no effect estimate from its abstract, so it casts no vote on the map. Not yet cited in PubMed.
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The abstract states no effect estimate the extractor could read, or names no intervention and outcome on the map, so this paper lights no cell and moves no belief. It is still indexed, cited and linked below.
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Trials whose registry record cites this paper, or whose number appears in the abstract. A trial that started after this paper was published is citing it as background, not reporting it.
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Authors and funding
5 authors.
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Abstract
Male infertility is an increasingly serious global health problem. As an organ with immune privilege, the testis possesses a unique immune microenvironment that shapes normal spermatogenesis. Distinct from the testicular microenvironment, the epididymis plays a critical role in both sperm maturation and immune regulation. This review aims to systematically describe the regulatory mechanisms of the testicular and epididymal immune microenvironment and, using various diseases as examples (varicocele, testicular torsion, prostatitis, orchitis, viral infections, environmental toxicant exposure, aging and obesity), to explore in depth how disruption of this balance leads to male infertility through immunological pathways. Targeted antioxidant and anti-inflammatory interventions on specific immune pathways currently represent major therapeutic directions. Although many precision interventions and other emerging therapies remain at the experimental stage, they provide broad prospects for the development of novel treatment paradigms.
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Registered trials
Read under generation 80e0d062 · epoch 390. Bibliography from PubMed, PubMed Central and OpenAlex; grants from NIH RePORTER; trial links from ClinicalTrials.gov; estimates, votes and beliefs from the OpenQuestion graph.